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Notes sur conférence 06 |
ARGOS2003 |
Jeudi 27
novembre 2003 : Facteurs de
vulnérabilité génétique
Les principaux documents de
référence sont
indiqués en fin. Il n'est pas question d'être exhaustif sur un tel
sujet, aussi a-t-on privilégie les documents récents faisant autorité
(rapports de recherche) et
les rares documents en français. La presse de vulgarisation
médicale a
été volontairement écartée.
Anecdote
: le chef de clinique demande à une consultante "votre
frère est un vrai ou un faux jumeau ? "
I. ETUDES SUR
LES JUMEAUX. Les
vrais jumeaux, ceux issus d'un même oeuf les homozygotes, ont les
mêmes génes. Si le facteur génétique
était primordial, deux vrais jumeaux devraient avoir
le même destin. Or si l'un est bipolaire, l'autre n'a que 65% de
chance de l'être.
II.
STATISTIQUES.
Pére ou mére bipo : 5% des enfants seront bipolaires
Frère ou soeur bipo : 10% de "chance" d'être bipolaire
Pére
(ou Mére) et oncle(ou tante) : 14%
Pére
et mère (rare) : 30%
Quand
deux jumeaux ne sont pas atteints, leurs enfants ont la même
"chance" d'être bipolaire, bien qu'élevés dans des
familles différentes.
Il
ne s'agit pas d'une affection monogénique, mais de multiples
gènes de prédisposition.
III.
PENETRANCE ET AGGREGATION..
Le
poids d'aggrégation exprime la part de prédisposition
génétique.
Les
maladies dépendant d'un seul géne et strictement
génétiques (par exemple chorée de Huntington,
myopathie de Duchesne, muscoviscidose) ont un poids d'aggrégation
de 10000.
Pour beaucoup de maladies on parle de génes de fragilisation ou
de vulnérabilité.
Références.
(disponibles sur le web-pdf, html - ou en document papier)
Synthéses.
Molecular genetics of schizophrenia : a critical review Berry,N, Vaidehi,J,Pal,H - J Psychiatry Neurosciences 2003;28(6).Shared Genetic Susceptibility for Bipolar and Schizophrenic Disorders
Video | Audio (Length: 31 min.)
W. Berrettini
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Vth pittburgh conference on
bipolar disorder June 2003
Abstract
Schizophrenic and bipolar disorders are similar in several
epidemiologic respects, including age-at-onset, lifetime risk, course
of illness, worldwide distribution, risk for suicide, gender influence
(men and women at equal risk for both groups of disorders) and genetic
susceptibility. Despite these similarities, schizophrenia and bipolar
disorders are typically considered to be separate entities, with
distinguishing clinical characteristics, non-overlapping etiologies and
distinct treatment regimens. Over the past three decades, multiple
family studies are consistent with greater nosologic overlap than
previously acknowledged. First degree relatives of bipolar probands are
at increased risk for bipolar, schizoaffective and unipolar disorders.
First degree relatives of schizophrenic probands are at increased risk
for schizophrenic, schizoaffective and unipolar disorders. Molecular
linkage studies (conducted during the past decade) reveal that some
susceptibility loci may be common to both nosologic classes, including
those located at 18p11.2, 22q11-13, 13q32, 8p22 and 10p14. This
indicates that our nosology will require substantial revision during
the next decade, to reflect this shared genetic susceptibility, as
specific genes are identified.
Neuroplasticity and Cellular Resilience in Bipolar Disorder
Video | Audio (Length: 35 min.)
H.K. Manji
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Vth
pittburgh conference on bipolar disorder June 2003
Abstract
Attempts to comprehend the brain's role in mania and depression
began in earnest as clinically effective mood altering drugs began to
appear in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Over the next three decades,
clinical studies attempted to uncover the biological factors mediating
the pathophysiology of manic-depressive illness utilizing a variety of
biochemical strategies. Studies were, by and large, designed to detect
relative excess or deficiency associated with pathological states; not
surprisingly, progress in unraveling the unique neurobiology of this
disorder was slow using such strategies in isolation. However, the last
decade of the 20th century has truly been a remarkable one for
biomedical research. The “molecular medicine revolution” has brought to
bear the power of sophisticated cellular and molecular biologic
methodologies to tackle many of society’s most devastating illnesses.
The rate of progress has been exciting indeed, and hundreds of G
protein coupled receptors and over a dozen G proteins and effectors
have now been identified and characterized at the molecular and
cellular level. This has allowed the study of a variety of human
diseases which are caused by abnormalities in cell to cell
communication; studies of such diseases are offering unique insights
into the physiologic and pathophysiologic functioning of many cellular
transmembrane signaling pathways. Psychiatry, like much of the rest of
medicine, has entered a new and exciting age demarcated by the rapid
advances and the promise of molecular and cellular biology and
neuroimaging. Although we have yet to identify the specific abnormal
genes or proteins in bipolar disorder, there have been major advances
in our understanding of this illness, as well as in the mechanisms of
action of the most effective treatments. The behavioral and
physiological manifestations of bipolar disorder are complex and are
likely mediated by a network of interconnected neuronal circuits. Since
signal transduction pathways play a critical role in regulating the
functional balance between neurotransmitter systems, they represent
attractive putative mediators of the therapeutic effects of mood
stabilizing agents. New genomics and proteomics technologies are also
being utilized to facilitate the identification of genes that are
regulated by mood stabilizers, and have led to novel and completely
unexpected targets, most notably neurotrophic signaling cascades.
The
identification of neurotrophic signaling cascades as targets for mood
stabilizers is particularly noteworthy since – although bipolar
disorder has traditionally been conceptualized as a neurochemical
disorder -- there is now evidence from a variety of sources
demonstrating regional reductions in CNS volume, as well as reductions
in the numbers and/or sizes of glia and neurons in discrete brain
areas. Although the precise cellular mechanisms underlying these
morphometric changes remain to be fully elucidated, the data suggest
that severe bipolar disorders are associated with impairments of
structural plasticity and cellular resilience. It is thus noteworthy
that recent preclinical studies have shown that critical molecules in
neurotrophic signaling cascades (most notably CREB, BDNF, bcl-2 and MAP
kinases) are long term targets for mood stabilizing agents.
Consistent with these biochemical effects, mood stabilizing agents
(most notably lithium) have been demonstrated to exert robust
neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects in a variety of preclinical
paradigms. Complementary human studies have shown that chronic lithium
significantly increases gray matter content in a regionally selective
manner, suggesting a reversal of illness-related atrophy and an
increase in the volume of the neuropil. These unique and unexpected
properties of lithium and valproate suggest that they may have broader
utility as adjunctive agents in the treatment of a variety of
neuropsychiatric disorders associated with cell atrophy or loss.
Furthermore, the growing body of preclinical and clinical data suggests
that for many refractory patients, new drugs simply mimicking many
‘traditional’ drugs which directly or indirectly alter neurotransmitter
levels and those which bind to cell surface receptors may be of limited
benefit. For these patients, optimal treatment may only be attained by
providing both trophic and neurochemical support; the trophic support
would be envisioned as enhancing and maintaining normal synaptic
connectivity, thereby allowing the chemical signal to reinstate the
optimal functioning of critical circuits necessary for normal affective
functioning. There are a number of pharmacologic “plasticity enhancing”
strategies which may be of considerable utility in the treatment of
mood disorders. Among the most immediate ones are NMDA antagonists,
glutamate release reducing agents, AMPA potentiators, cAMP
phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist.
An increasing number of strategies are also being investigated to
develop small molecule agents to regulate the activity of growth
factors, MAP kinases cascades, and the bcl-2 family of proteins; this
research hold much promise for the development of novel therapeutics
for the treatment of severe, refractory mood disorders.
Divers.
LIVRES (en français).
L'ADN et le
secret de la vie -James Watson - Odile Jacob(2003)
Lenox RH, Gould TD, Manji HK.
Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder [This article was prepared
by a group consisting of both United States Government employees and
non-United States Government employees, and as such is subject to 117
U.S.C. Sec. 105.]
Am J Med Genet 2002 May 8;114(4):391-406
"Findings in patients with bipolar disorder that may eventually be
useful as endophenotypes include abnormal regulation of circadian
rhythms (the sleep/wake cycle, hormonal rhythms, etc.), response to
sleep deprivation, P300 event-related potentials, behavioral responses
to psychostimulants and other medications, response to cholinergics,
increase in white matter hyperintensities (WHIs), and biochemical
observations in peripheral mononuclear cells."
[Abstract]